locale(tz = "") after loading a timezone due to incomplete reinitialization of the global locale.parse_factor() gains a include_na argument, to include NA in the factor levels (#541).parse_factor() will now can accept levels = NULL, which allows one to generate factor levels based on the data (like stringsAsFactors = TRUE) (#497).parse_numeric() now returns the full string if it contains no numbers (#548).parse_time() now correctly handles 12 AM/PM (#579).problems() now returns the file path in additional to the location of the error in the file (#581).read_csv2() gives a message if it updates the default locale (#443, @krlmlr).read_delim() now signals an error if given an empty delimiter (#557).write_*() functions witting whole number doubles are no longer written with a trailing .0 (#526).fwf_cols() allows for specifying the col_positions argument of read_fwf() with named arguments of either column positions or widths (#616, @jrnold).fwf_empty() gains an n argument to control how many lines are read for whitespace to determine column structure (#518, @Yeedle).read_fwf() gives error message if specifications have overlapping columns (#534, @gergness)read_table() can now handle pipe() connections (#552).read_table() can now handle files with many lines of leading comments (#563).read_table2() which allows any number of whitespace characters as delimiters, a more exact replacement for utils::read.table() (#608).write_*() functions now support writing to binary connections. In addition output filenames with .gz, .bz2 or .xz will automatically open the appropriate connection and to write the compressed file. (#348)write_lines() now accepts a list of raw vectors (#542).col_euro_double(), parse_euro_double(), col_numeric(), and parse_numeric() have been removed.guess_encoding() returns a tibble, and works better with lists of raw vectors (as returned by read_lines_raw()).ListCallback R6 Class to provide a more flexible return type for callback functions (#568, @mmuurr)tibble::as.tibble() now used to construct tibbles (#538).read_csv, read_csv2, and read_tsv gain a quote argument, (#631, @noamross)parse_factor() now converts data to UTF-8 based on the supplied locale (#615).read_*() functions with the guess_max argument now throw errors on inappropriate inputs (#588).read_*_chunked() functions now properly end the stream if FALSE is returned from the callback.read_delim() and read_fwf() when columns are skipped using col_types now report the correct column name (#573, @cb4ds).spec() declarations that are long now print properly (#597).read_table() does not print spec when col_types is not NULL (#630, @jrnold).guess_encoding() now returns a tibble for all ASCII input as well (#641).The process by which readr guesses the types of columns has received a substantial overhaul to make it easier to fix problems when the initial guesses aren't correct, and to make it easier to generate reproducible code. Now column specifications are printing by default when you read from a file:
challenge <- read_csv(readr_example("challenge.csv"))
#> Parsed with column specification:
#> cols(
#> x = col_integer(),
#> y = col_character()
#> )And you can extract those values after the fact with spec():
spec(challenge)
#> cols(
#> x = col_integer(),
#> y = col_character()
#> )This makes it easier to quickly identify parsing problems and fix them (#314). If the column specification is long, the new cols_condense() is used to condense the spec by identifying the most common type and setting it as the default. This is particularly useful when only a handful of columns have a different type (#466).
You can also generating an initial specification without parsing the file using spec_csv(), spec_tsv(), etc.
Once you have figured out the correct column types for a file, it's often useful to make the parsing strict. You can do this either by copying and pasting the printed output, or for very long specs, saving the spec to disk with write_rds(). In production scripts, combine this with stop_for_problems() (#465): if the input data changes form, you'll fail fast with an error.
You can now also adjust the number of rows that readr uses to guess the column types with guess_max:
challenge <- read_csv(readr_example("challenge.csv"), guess_max = 1500)
#> Parsed with column specification:
#> cols(
#> x = col_double(),
#> y = col_date(format = "")
#> )You can now access the guessing algorithm from R. guess_parser() will tell you which parser readr will select for a character vector (#377). We've made a number of fixes to the guessing algorithm:
New example extdata/challenge.csv which is carefully created to cause problems with the default column type guessing heuristics.
Blank lines and lines with only comments are now skipped automatically without warning (#381, #321).
Single '-' or '.' are now parsed as characters, not numbers (#297).
Numbers followed by a single trailing character are parsed as character, not numbers (#316).
We now guess at times using the time_format specified in the locale().
We have made a number of improvements to the reification of the col_types, col_names and the actual data:
If col_types is too long, it is subsetted correctly (#372, @jennybc).
If col_names is too short, the added names are numbered correctly (#374, @jennybc).
Missing colum name names are now given a default name (X2, X7 etc) (#318). Duplicated column names are now deduplicated. Both changes generate a warning; to suppress it supply an explicit col_names (setting skip = 1 if there's an existing ill-formed header).
col_types() accepts a named list as input (#401).
The date time parsers recognise three new format strings:
%I for 12 hour time format (#340).
%AD and %AT are "automatic" date and time parsers. They are both slightly less flexible than previous defaults. The automatic date parser requires a four digit year, and only accepts - and / as separators (#442). The flexible time parser now requires colons between hours and minutes and optional seconds (#424).
%y and %Y are now strict and require 2 or 4 characters respectively.
Date and time parsing functions received a number of small enhancements:
parse_time() returns hms objects rather than a custom time class (#409). It now correctly parses missing values (#398).
parse_date() returns a numeric vector (instead of an integer vector) (#357).
parse_date(), parse_time() and parse_datetime() gain an na argument to match all other parsers (#413).
If the format argument is omitted parse_date() or parse_time(), date and time formats specified in the locale will be used. These now default to %AD and %AT respectively.
You can now parse partial dates with parse_date() and parse_datetime(), e.g. parse_date("2001", "%Y") returns 2001-01-01.
parse_number() is slightly more flexible - it now parses numbers up to the first ill-formed character. For example parse_number("-3-") and parse_number("...3...") now return -3 and 3 respectively. We also fixed a major bug where parsing negative numbers yielded positive values (#308).
parse_logical() now accepts 0, 1 as well as lowercase t, f, true, false.
read_file_raw() reads a complete file into a single raw vector (#451).
read_*() functions gain a quoted_na argument to control whether missing values within quotes are treated as missing values or as strings (#295).
write_excel_csv() can be used to write a csv file with a UTF-8 BOM at the start, which forces Excel to read it as UTF-8 encoded (#375).
write_lines() writes a character vector to a file (#302).
write_file() to write a single character or raw vector to a file (#474).
Experimental support for chunked reading a writing (read_*_chunked()) functions. The API is unstable and subject to change in the future (#427).
Printing double values now uses an implementation of the grisu3 algorithm which speeds up writing of large numeric data frames by ~10X. (#432) '.0' is appended to whole number doubles, to ensure they will be read as doubles as well. (#483)
readr imports tibble so that you get consistent tbl_df behaviour (#317, #385).
New example extdata/challenge.csv which is carefully created to cause problems with the default column type guessing heuristics.
default_locale() now sets the default locale in readr.default_locale rather than regenerating it for each call. (#416).
locale() now automatically sets decimal mark if you set the grouping mark. It throws an error if you accidentally set decimal and grouping marks to the same character (#450).
All read_*() can read into long vectors, substantially increasing the number of rows you can read (#309).
All read_*() functions return empty objects rather than signaling an error when run on an empty file (#356, #441).
read_delim() gains a trim_ws argument (#312, noamross)
read_fwf() received a number of improvements:
read_fwf() now can now reliably read only a partial set of columns (#322, #353, #469)
fwf_widths() accepts negative column widths for compatibility with the widths argument in read.fwf() (#380, @leeper).
You can now read fixed width files with ragged final columns, by setting the final end position in fwf_positions() or final width in fwf_widths() to NA (#353, @ghaarsma). fwf_empty() does this automatically.
read_fwf() and fwf_empty() can now skip commented lines by setting a comment argument (#334).
read_lines() ignores embedded null's in strings (#338) and gains a na argument (#479).
readr_example() makes it easy to access example files bundled with readr.
type_convert() now accepts only NULL or a cols specification for col_types (#369).
write_delim() and write_csv() now invisibly return the input data frame (as documented, #363).
Doubles are parsed with boost::spirit::qi::long_double to work around a bug in the spirit library when parsing large numbers (#412).
Fix bug when detecting column types for single row files without headers (#333).
readr now has a strategy for dealing with settings that vary from place to place: locales. The default locale is still US centric (because R itself is), but you can now easily override the default timezone, decimal separator, grouping mark, day & month names, date format, and encoding. This has lead to a number of changes:
read_csv(), read_tsv(), read_fwf(), read_table(), read_lines(), read_file(), type_convert(), parse_vector() all gain a locale argument.
locale() controls all the input settings that vary from place-to-place.
col_euro_double() and parse_euro_double() have been deprecated. Use the decimal_mark parameter to locale() instead.
The default encoding is now UTF-8. To load files that are not in UTF-8, set the encoding parameter of the locale() (#40). New guess_encoding() function uses stringi to help you figure out the encoding of a file.
parse_datetime() and parse_date() with %B and %b use the month names (full and abbreviate) defined in the locale (#242). They also inherit the tz from the locale, rather than using an explicit tz parameter.
See vignette("locales") for more details.
cols() lets you pick the default column type for columns not otherwise explicitly named (#148). You can refer to parsers either with their full name (e.g. col_character()) or their one letter abbreviation (e.g. c).
cols_only() allows you to load only named columns. You can also choose to override the default column type in cols() (#72).
read_fwf() is now much more careful with new lines. If a line is too short, you'll get a warning instead of a silent mistake (#166, #254). Additionally, the last column can now be ragged: the width of the last field is silently extended until it hits the next line break (#146). This appears to be a common feature of "fixed" width files in the wild.
In read_csv(), read_tsv(), read_delim() etc:
comment argument allows you to ignore comments (#68).
trim_ws argument controls whether leading and trailing whitespace is removed. It defaults to TRUE (#137).
Specifying the wrong number of column names, or having rows with an unexpected number of columns, generates a warning, rather than an error (#189).
Multiple NA values can be specified by passing a character vector to na (#125). The default has been changed to na = c("", "NA"). Specifying na = "" now works as expected with character columns (#114).
Readr gains vignette("column-types") which describes how the defaults work and how to override them (#122).
parse_character() gains better support for embedded nulls: any characters after the first null are dropped with a warning (#202).
parse_integer() and parse_double() no longer silently ignore trailing letters after the number (#221).
New parse_time() and col_time() allows you to parse times (hours, minutes, seconds) into number of seconds since midnight. If the format is omitted, it uses a flexible parser that looks for hours, then optional colon, then minutes, then optional colon, then optional seconds, then optional am/pm (#249).
parse_date() and parse_datetime():
parse_datetime() no longer incorrectly reads partial dates (e.g. 19, 1900, 1900-01) (#136). These triggered common false positives and after re-reading the ISO8601 spec, I believe they actually refer to periods of time, and should not be translated in to a specific instant (#228).
Compound formats "%D", "%F", "%R", "%X", "%T", "%x" are now parsed correctly, instead of using the ISO8601 parser (#178, @kmillar).
"%." now requires a non-digit. New "%+" skips one or more non-digits.
You can now use %p to refer to AM/PM (and am/pm) (#126).
%b and %B formats (month and abbreviated month name) ignore case when matching (#219).
Local (non-UTC) times with and without daylight savings are now parsed correctly (#120, @andres-s).
parse_number() is a somewhat flexible numeric parser designed to read currencies and percentages. It only reads the first number from a string (using the grouping mark defined by the locale).
parse_numeric() has been deprecated because the name is confusing - it's a flexible number parser, not a parser of "numerics", as R collectively calls doubles and integers. Use parse_number() instead.
As well as improvements to the parser, I've also made a number of tweaks to the heuristics that readr uses to guess column types:
New parse_guess() and col_guess() to explicitly guess column type.
Bumped up row inspection for column typing guessing from 100 to 1000.
The heuristics for guessing col_integer() and col_double() are stricter. Numbers with leading zeros now default to being parsed as text, rather than as integers/doubles (#266).
A column is guessed as col_number() only if it parses as a regular number when you ignoring the grouping marks.
Now use R's platform independent iconv wrapper, thanks to BDR (#149).
Pathological zero row inputs (due to empty input, skip or n_max) now return zero row data frames (#119).
When guessing field types, and there's no information to go on, use character instead of logical (#124, #128).
Concise col_types specification now understands ? (guess) and - (skip) (#188).
count_fields() starts counting from 1, not 0 (#200).
format_csv() and format_delim() make it easy to render a csv or delimited file into a string.
fwf_empty() now works correctly when col_names supplied (#186, #222).
parse_*() gains a na argument that allows you to specify which values should be converted to missing.
problems() now reports column names rather than column numbers (#143). Whenever there is a problem, the first five problems are printing out in a warning message, so you can more easily see what's wrong.
read_*() throws a warning instead of an error is col_types specifies a non-existent column (#145, @alyst).
read_*() can read from a remote gz compressed file (#163).
read_delim() defaults to escape_backslash = FALSE and escape_double = TRUE for consistency. n_max also affects the number of rows read to guess the column types (#224).
read_lines() gains a progress bar. It now also correctly checks for interrupts every 500,000 lines so you can interrupt long running jobs. It also correctly estimates the number of lines in the file, considerably speeding up the reading of large files (60s -> 15s for a 1.5 Gb file).
read_lines_raw() allows you to read a file into a list of raw vectors, one element for each line.
type_convert() gains NA and trim_ws arguments, and removes missing values before determining column types.
write_csv(), write_delim(), and write_rds() all invisably return their input so you can use them in a pipe (#290).
write_delim() generalises write_csv() to write any delimited format (#135). write_tsv() is a helpful wrapper for tab separated files.
Quotes are only used when they're needed (#116): when the string contains a quote, the delimiter, a new line or NA.
Double vectors are saved using same amount of precision as as.character() (#117).
New na argument that specifies how missing values should be written (#187)
POSIXt vectors are saved in a ISO8601 compatible format (#134).
No longer fails silently if it can't open the target for writing (#193, #172).
write_rds() and read_rds() wrap around readRDS() and saveRDS(), defaulting to no compression (#140, @nicolasCoutin).